Whole process green prevention and control of apple diseases and pests, drug reduction and efficiency enhancement technology

1. Basic Technical Information: The Northwest Loess Plateau has sufficient sunlight, a large temperature difference between day and night, and the same season of rain and heat. It has a unique advantage in developing the apple industry and is the best and advantageous core production area for apples in China. But pests and diseases have always been the main factor limiting apple yield and quality. In response to the actual situation of excessive dependence and excessive use of chemical pesticides in production, based on systematic research to clarify the main types, occurrence dynamics, and succession patterns of apple diseases and pests, the key period for prevention and control has been determined. Research has been carried out on green prevention and control technologies such as immune induction, physical and chemical induction, natural enemy control, pesticide combination, and efficient machinery, exploring the path of green prevention and control technology, and integrating and innovating the green prevention and control technology system of apple diseases and pests.2. Technology demonstration and promotion: Through the implementation of the Shaanxi Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Transformation Project “Integration and Demonstration Promotion of Green Prevention and Control Technology for Major Apple Diseases and Pests”, and with the support of the national key research and development plan “Large Area Demonstration and Promotion of Apple Pesticide Reduction and Efficiency Enhancement Technology”, more than 100 demonstration bases were established in Shaanxi Apple Base County from 2016 to 2018, with a cumulative application area of over 6 million acres.3. The overall control effect of apple diseases and pests in the demonstration area for improving quality and efficiency is over 92%, reducing the use of chemical pesticides by 25%, increasing the average yield by 180 kilograms per mu, and increasing the commodity fruit rate by more than 3%. This has made positive contributions to consolidating and developing the leading industry for poverty alleviation, improving the quality and efficiency of the fruit industry, increasing the income of farmers in the fruit area, and improving the ecological environment of the orchard.4. Technical Awards: “Research and Application of Key Technologies for Green Prevention and Control of Major Diseases and Pests in Apple” won the first prize of the 2018 Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Award.2、 Technical pointsThe full process green prevention and control technology model for apples: fruit tree fitness cultivation+disease and pest base control+ecological regulation and biological control+pest physical and chemical trapping+optimization of pesticide variety combination+efficient application of medicine and machinery.1. Fitness cultivation immune induction: Through scientific fertilization, reasonable pruning, reasonable loading, and the application of immune induction technology, the tree vigor is enhanced and the fruit tree’s own resistance to stress is improved. Scientific fertilization: soil testing and fertilization, fertilization according to needs, increased application of organic and biological fertilizers, and increased application of potassium, calcium, and trace elements in the middle and late stages of fruit tree growth. In autumn, sufficient basal fertilizer should be applied throughout the entire garden, and fully decomposed organic fertilizer of 2000-3000 kg/mu should be applied in ditches or holes. Reasonable pruning: From December to January, balance the tree vigor, distinguish between the main and secondary branches, and fully utilize auxiliary branches; Based on the principle of prioritizing light and combining light with heavy, cultivate fruiting branches, standardize tree shape, and adjust the balance of tree vigor. Moderate level orchards are generally pruned according to the ratio of flower buds to leaf buds (1:3) to (1:4). During the peak fruit period, the yield per mu of the tree stock orchard should be controlled between 2000-2500 kilograms, while the yield of the dwarf stock orchard should be controlled around 3000 kilograms. Reasonable load: Based on the age, strength, variety characteristics, and cultivation management conditions of the tree, according to the fixed yield of the tree, the quantity is determined by branches, and the fruit is retained in the stands. Reasonable load is generally applied in moderate level orchards according to the leaf fruit ratio (40:1) to (60:1). Application of immune inducing products: three times in the whole process, before flowering (early April), during young fruit stage (late June to early July), and during fruit expansion (early and middle August), use aminooligosaccharide, plant activator protein and other foliar spray once to stimulate the disease resistance and stress resistance of fruit trees; When applying in the field, mixed spraying can be added at the end of the pesticide combination.2. Control the number of pests and diseases. After harvesting apples, timely implement “cutting, scraping, coating, cleaning, and flipping” techniques to reduce the overwintering number of pests and diseases such as rot, brown spot, leaf mites, and golden stripe moth. Cutting: Cut off diseased and insect branches, insect fruits, and stiff fruits that have not yet fallen off. Scraping: Scrape off the thick, old, wrinkled skin, and diseased spots on the branches, as well as cut and cut edges, wounds, etc., and apply timely medication for protection. Clear: Thoroughly remove the diseased and insect branches, dead branches and fallen leaves, diseased and dead fruits, weeds, etc. that have been scraped and cut from the orchard, and burn them in a concentrated manner. Application: Apply whitening agent (10 parts of quicklime, 2 parts of 20 Baume degree stone sulfur mixture, 20 parts of clear water, etc.) to the trunk and branches of the fruit tree. Mix thoroughly and evenly. Flipping: Before winter and in early spring, combine fertilization and deeply flip the tree tray for 20-30 centimeters to expose overwintering pests and diseases in the soil to the ground and freeze to death or be pecked by birds and birds.3. Ecological regulation and biological control mainly implement techniques of intercropping grass and releasing predatory mites, creating a good ecological environment for orchards, and fully utilizing natural enemies to control pests Planting leguminous plants such as rapeseed, clover, and sweet potato between rows of fruit trees, either single or mixed. Drill or sow in mid April to mid May in spring or mid August to mid September in autumn. The seed consumption per mu for single sowing of white clover is 0.5 kg to 0.75 kg; Single sowing of sweet potatoes ranges from 2 kg to 2.5 kg per acre. Preserve the natural weeds in the orchard. If the height of the weeds exceeds 30 centimeters, cut them in a timely manner. Leave a stubble of 10 centimeters and lay it flat on the ground to improve the ecological environment of the orchard and increase the number of natural enemies Organic orchards artificially release natural enemies to prey on mites or red eyed bees. The main predatory mites include Tetranychus cucurbitae and Tetranychus pasteurii. Before and after fruit bagging (usually in early June), when the overwintering female adult tetranychus mites are still at the risk of internal harm, the average number of single tetranychus mites (including eggs) is less than 2. In the evening or on cloudy days, cut the opening of the packaging bag containing predatory mites diagonally, and use a thumbtack to pin it to the shaded side at the intersection of the first branch of each fruit tree. Each tree should have one bag, and the bag opening and lower edge should be tightly attached to the branch. Within one month after hanging mites, the use of acaricides in orchards is prohibited, and insecticides and fungicides that have the least impact on predation of mites are used.4. Physical and chemical trapping and killing of pests. Apply physical and chemical measures such as sexual attractants, lighting, sugar and vinegar solution, and insect traps to trap and kill adult pests. Hanging traps: Before the fruit tree blooms (in mid April), corresponding traps are selected for the golden stripe moth, apple leaf roller moth, etc. They are hung in the middle of the tree crown, with a height of about 1.5 meters from the ground and a spacing of 20 meters, with 5-8 traps per acre. Replace the sex lure core in a timely manner according to its validity period. Once the sticky plate is full of insect bodies, it should also be replaced in a timely manner. Fill the trap basin with clean water and clean up dead insects in a timely manner. Light trapping and killing: mainly trapping and killing phototactic pests such as flower eating beetles. Before the fruit tree blooms, one set should be installed on 30-50 acres with a spacing of 160 meters. Insect control lamps should be installed on the periphery of the orchard, and the hanging height of the lamps should be 20cm higher than the top of the fruit tree. During the peak pest infestation period from mid April to September, light up and trap in the evening. Promptly clean up and bury the pests that have been lured. Hanging sugar and vinegar bait pots: During the flowering period of apples, self-made sugar and vinegar solution is prepared in the ratio of brown sugar: vinegar: water: wine=1:3:10:1, and a small amount of trichlorfon is added. There are 5 pieces per acre, arranged at five diagonal points, and hung on tree branches at a height of 1.5-2.0 meters from the ground to trap chemotactic pests such as flower eating turtles. Add sugar and vinegar solution in a timely manner, and collect the insect bodies from the bait basin and bury them deeply. Binding insect traps: Before pests hibernate (in early September), the traps are docked and tied under the first branch of each fruit tree trunk or at the base of other large branches 5-10 centimeters. The interface is tightly docked to trap overwintering pests. At the end of February of the following year, the traps are removed before pests hibernate and taken out of the orchard for centralized burning, reducing the number of overwintering pests that hibernate.5. Optimize the combination of pesticide varieties to grasp the key growth stages of fruit trees, such as the blooming stage, after falling flowers, before bagging, young fruit stage, fruit expansion stage, and dormancy stage after fruit picking. Based on the occurrence and harm characteristics of diseases and pests, comprehensively consider factors such as the characteristics of pesticide action, climate conditions, number of natural enemies, control indicators, and bee safety. On the basis of accurate monitoring and prediction of disease and pest conditions, prioritize the use of biological pesticides, and select high-efficiency targeted pesticides Green chemistry agent varieties or dosage forms, scientific agent combinations, determine the specific application period, and minimize the use of chemical pesticides.① During the budding period, if the garden is not cleared with pesticides before winter, apply a stone sulfur mixture once In the flower bud blooming stage, in order to protect bees from overwintering insects and diseases, the biological agent combination matrine+polyantimycin+aminooligosaccharin is preferred, or one of the therapeutic fungicides with low toxicity to bees and short residual period and one of the insecticides with strong contact and permeability is selected for symptomatic use. At last, the immune elicitor is added, and then the leaves are sprayed with spray after mixing. It is prohibited to use highly toxic or highly toxic drugs such as flusilazole, avermectin, methylaminoavermectin benzoate, permethrin, fenpropathrin, and neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and thiamethoxazole for bees One week after falling flowers, powdery mildew enters its peak period with the growth of spring shoots. Spot leaf disease, brown spot disease, rust fungus, etc. begin to infect new leaves. Aphids, leaf mites, Lepidoptera aurea, etc. damage young leaves. The combination of mancozeb+methylvitamin salt+pyridabid mites can be used to apply foliar spray at the recommended dosage. ④ Before bagging, diseases such as leaf spot disease and brown spot disease begin to occur, the breeding of leaf mites is accelerated, and the yellow aphid, Lepidoptera aurea, etc. enter the peak period of harm. You can use spray such as neonicotinoids+methoxyacrylic acid bactericides such as pyrazolyl methyl ester+thiadimefon, etc., and try to use water-borne formulations such as water dispersible granule and suspension agent. ⑤ After bagging, during the young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage, the focus is on preventing and controlling early leaf diseases, leaf mites, etc. According to the occurrence of diseases and insects and weather changes, the combination of propionate+triazole fungicides such as tebuconazole+triadimefon, or mancozeb+polyantinomycin+beta cypermethrin+spiroform quaternary keto acaricide, and finally aminooligosaccharides are added, and the leaves are spray after mixing. Spray double or equal amounts of Bordeaux solution separately when there is a lot of rainfall to prevent early leaf disease. Pay attention to the alternating or alternating use of agents with different mechanisms of action. ⑥ One week after the fruits are harvested, a combination of long-acting pesticides and broad-spectrum fungicides is used for whole tree spray to reduce the number of overwintering diseases and pests.6. The application of efficient spraying equipment aims to reduce application and increase efficiency, with precise spraying. The dwarf dense planting and thinning orchards should try to use the orchard self-propelled air spray and other new efficient pesticide application equipment. The traditional planting mode of orchards should use efficient spray guns with drug saving and good atomization or improve the spray head to improve the pesticide utilization rate, so as to avoid the waste of liquid medicine and environmental pollution. Comply with NY/T 1276 General Guidelines for the Safe Use of Pesticides during pesticide application. Carefully read the medication label and prepare the solution according to the concentration requirements. Scientifically grasp the amount of application liquid, with an application liquid volume of 100-150 kilograms per mu; Pay attention to the atomization effect, and it is advisable to make the leaf surface moist and dripping. When applying pesticides in the field, it is necessary to be meticulous, uniform, and thoughtful, without missing or re spraying. If there is rain within 6 hours after spraying, it should be sprayed again.7. Pesticide coating shall be used to prevent the spring shoots of rotten fruit trees from stopping for a long time (late June). After scraping off the rough and old skin of the main stem and main branch, 45% methenamine water solution or 1.8% phoximide acetate salt solution 50 times, or tebuconazole and other fungicides shall be applied 10 times according to the spray times, and applied 1~2 times to prevent bacterial infection. Before and after the fruit tree leaves its leaves, after scraping off the surface ulcers of the newly discovered disease spots, apply the disease spots with 3% methyl thiophanate paste or 1.6% thiamethoxazole daub 50 times the amount to prevent the disease from further spreading.3、 Suitable areaApple producing areas on the Northwest Loess Plateau. Other apple producing areas can be adjusted based on the local occurrence of diseases and pests.4、 PrecautionsThis model is suitable for land leveling and continuous planting areas, with an area of over 100 acres and a tree age of over 10 years. The orchard management level is good, and fruit farmers are quick to accept new technologies.